Integrated Pests Management A Safe Alternative to...

Integrated Pests Management: A Safe Alternative to Hazardous Pesticides The well being of our everyday day lives are affected by the agriculture industry. For many years now we have been using pesticides to control the pest population in our crops. Over the years research has shown that pesticides can cause fatal diseases like cancer. Pests are also becoming resistant to pesticides. It is time that we find a new way to rid of pests. A program called the Integrated Pests Management is doing so and many growers have begun to use their tactics. Pesticides have been known to cause a number of diseases in humans as well as animals. The most vulnerable to these diseases and side effects are infants. Pesticides effect infants†¦show more content†¦The EPA does not just allow the use of any pesticide. In fact, they evaluate the safety of most pesticides using protocols that require testing only sexually mature animals. It is great that the EPA is performing tests on the risks of pesticides, but these tests provide little information that is relevant to infant or fetal exposure to pesticides. Also, the EPA only tests one chemical at a time, when in reality infants are exposed to a number of chemicals from pesticides when they are just eating baby food. The chemicals in pesticides have been known to cause diseases in many living organisms, but what are some of the most common? Among many risks of the use of pesticides there is cancer. The National Academy of Sciences Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children concluded that, â€Å"direct carcinogens are more potent in rapidly growing animals. Infants and children are subject to rapid tissue growth and development, which will have an impact on cancer risk† (Cook, 2). The incidence of childhood brain cancer and childhood leukemia has increased 33 percent since 1973; the use of pesticides has increased greatly over the last fifteen years as well (Cook, 2). Pesticide companies might argue that plants themselves have toxins. This is true; plants do have Natural Toxins that serve as protection against fungi, insects and animalShow MoreRelatedModule Content And Teaching Program Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesconstituents and the use of transgenic plant techn ology for medical purposes. †¢ GM crops and the regulatory framework for GM †¢ The introduction of bioinformatics. †¢ To introduce the characteristics and management of the major soil groups and how cropping is affected by soil type. †¢ Integrated Crop Management System (crop rotations, nutrition and crop protection etc) †¢ The development and application of new technologies of crop protection, biological agents and biopesticides Although specific teachingRead MoreOrganic Food8071 Words   |  33 PagesOrganic farming is nothing but cultivating foods and other agricultural products using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, do not contain genetically modified organisms, and are not processed using irradiation. 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For additional information, and to see samples of many of the sustainable building materials and methods found in the guide, visit our area planning departmentsRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales For mats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 PagesBeatrice Kogg Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Doctoral dissertation the international institute for industrial environmental economics Lund University, Sweden  IIIEE DISSERTATIONS 2009:2  Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Read MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesinsulators. 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I.Introduction. A.Hook Obese Children Grow Out To Be Obese

I. Introduction A. Hook Obese children grow out to be obese adults. In the United States, obesity affects approximately 12.5 million children and teens which is almost 17% of the of the population. This clearly depicts how serious the issue of obesity on teens is. B. some people believe that obesity is not a major issue and has no effects on them health wise. However, professional personnel and bodies clearly points out that obesity is a very serious and life threatening epidemic which is affecting a good number of people and so, it needs immediate attention. C. Despite the cost associated with curbing obesity, schools, family’s communities and the nation at large should strive to lower the obesity rate among teens because it (lessening†¦show more content†¦Moreover, obese children are at a greater risk of social and psychological problems such as discrimination which may lead to low self-esteem. 2. Maintaining the obesity level will prevent negative health effects and it will promote many mental and physical health benefits. According to Collins and Bentz, significant weight loss confers psychological as well as medical benefits with improved mood, high self-esteem, motivation and relationship. 3. There are many health benefits that come with low obesity rate. Li Ji and Neal H. Hooker argue that, students who are fit are more active, confident and have low chances of getting depressed due to self-dissatisfaction .in addition to that, Rossner also points out that, less obese people don’t have difficulties in breathing and walking, they are more agile and they have low chances of getting heart disease. Also, premature death, back pain is uncommon Among those who have less obesity rate. A. It will help students from low income families by providing them with healthy food while trying to curb obesity. 1.Students who come from families whose parents’ income is low, have higher chances of getting obese. Li and Hooker point out that children with low social economic status are more burdened with obesity since they take part in programs like National Lunch Program. Statistics show that students in this program have a higher BMI than those from wealth family 2.CDC in â€Å"Obesity

Why Gun Control Is Bad Free Essays

Gun Control Argumentative Essay All guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care. Guns have been part of American life for as long as people can remember. For most people guns are perceived as very dangerous and harmful. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Gun Control Is Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, that is not true; guns can be dangerous, but only if they are in the wrong hands. Owning a gun is right that every American should be able to take pride in having. Guns are used for self-defense, hunting, law enforcement and other uses. The right to own a gun is protected in the 2nd constitutional amendment. Therefore, banning guns from being owned or purchased is wrong and unconstitutional. Gun control in the United States should be abolished. It is true that almost 100,000 people are injured or killed by guns in the United States every year (Scalia). However, 3. 5 million people in the United States have conceal-to-carry and owners permits for their guns (Stearns). These injuries are mostly accidental and only about 17 percent of those are criminal (Scalia). Clearly, most of the guns owned in America are used for self defense and are not meant for harm. Over 100 million people in the United States own guns solely for self-defense (Stearns). Cliff Stearns said in Laws Permitting Concealed Guns Ensure Public Safety, â€Å"Found in a study by the U. S. Department of Justice, 64 percent of convicted felons said they had been scared off or â€Å"shot off† by a victim carrying a concealed gun† (Stearns). This clearly proves that allowing concealed weapons decreases crime and helps protect people. Therefore, the pros of concealed weapons outweigh it’s cons. One argument is that thousands of illegal firearms are sold and distributed throughout the United States every year; this is a reason why some suggest banning guns completely. On the contrary, over $100 million in United States government revenue is generated by legal gun and ammunition sales every year (Weir 156). Although there are many guns sold illegally, the almost all of gun and ammunition sales are legal (Weir 128). Also, if total gun control was allowed, it would prohibit Americans from hunting. Some Americans hunt solely to feed their families. As William Weir said in A Well Regulated Militia, â€Å"The sales of gun and ammunition help stimulate the economy† (Weir 203). Clearly the matter of illegal gun sales would only increase and create more problems if total gun control was allowed. Also, the United States government would lose an important source of revenue by banning guns. Finally, sieges of illegal gun and ammunition stashes by law enforcement are sold legally for a beneficial profit. The right to bear arms is protected by the 2nd Constitutional amendment. Having said this, all gun bans should be constitutional, however they are not. Somehow lawmakers find a way to work around the 2nd amendment and enforce gun bans. For example, the District of Columbia has a rather strict gun ban (Scalia). This is especially ironic because it is the nation’s capital, where freedom should be at its highest. However, in D. C. it is illegal to possess a handgun in your home (Scalia). Antonin Scalia wrote this about D. C. ’s gun ban in The Right to Own a Gun Is Guaranteed by the Constitution, â€Å"The District’s total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition of an entire class of â€Å"arms† that Americans choose for lawful self-defense† (Scalia). This ban, like other gun bans, directly defies the 2nd amendment to the Constitution. There is also a trigger lock policy in D. C. which is also partially prohibiting guns (Scalia). This trigger lock policy is unconstitutional also. The policy prohibits the gun to be used for self defense. This ban and trigger lock policy, along with others, are unconstitutional and wrong. Gun control in the United States should be abolished. Some people in the United States believe that gun control is necessary. However, it is clear that gun control is wrong and unconstitutional. Gun control directly violates the 2nd constitutionally amendment and should not be allowed. Allowing concealed guns not only brings in revenue for the government, but, it also keeps the public safe. Over 100 million people in the United States own guns solely for the purpose of self-defense. Those people deserve to be able to have and keep that right as a citizen of the United States. It is the right of the American people to make the choice on whether to own a gun or not. The positive effects that guns have on people outweigh the negative effects. However it should be noted that, all guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care. How to cite Why Gun Control Is Bad, Essay examples

Demand and Supply of Certain Resources †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of Certain Resources. Answer: Introduction In todays economy, Australia is considered as one of a developed economy in the world. It is also considered as one of the largest mixed market economies of the country. In terms of wealth per adult, Australia is a second-best wealthiest country after Switzerland (Shann, 2016). In this report, we will analyze demand and supply of steel in Australia. There are various factors that affected the supply and demand of steel in Australia. In this project report, we will evaluate these factors and evaluate future of Australian steel market. Demand is the number of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to purchase in an open market. Only willingness to purchase is not sufficient, the consumer should have the purchasing power to make such purchase. Law of demand states that if the price of commodity increases than the demand for such commodity will decrease and vice versa. For example, if the price of particular car increases than the consumer will avoid such car and will go toward another car with similar features. There are various factors that can, directly and indirectly, affect the demand for product and services. These factors are the price of the commodity, the price of substitute commodity, income of consumer, purchasing power of the consumer, changing preference of consumer, etc. There are certain goods on which law of demand is not applicable, for example, demand of luxury goods will increase with an increase in price as its symbol of a reputation for an individual (Varian, 2014). Supply is the number of goods and services which are available in the market for consumption of consumer. Law of supply in microeconomics state that if the price of a commodity increase then the supply of such commodity will also increase and vice versa. For example, if the manufacturer of steel expects that price of steel is expected to increase then he will produce more steel in order to make more profits. Hence we can say that relationship between price and supply of goods is positive. This law is based on the assumption that other factors such as the price of the alternative commodity, technology, government policy etc. remain constant. Another important concept which we have to understand in microeconomics in relation to demand and supply is market equilibrium. It is a state of the market in which market demand and market supply are equal. It is represented by following graphical presentation (Baumol and Blinder, 2015). We have understood the basic concept of demand and supply, now we can proceed to analyze demand and supply of steel in the Australian market. Economic analysis There are various resources in which economy of a country is dependent upon such as agriculture resources, human resources, financial resources, natural resources etc. all of these resources is very important for development and growth of a country. The scarcity of excessive resources can hamper the state of the economy of a country. In Australian market demand for steel is less as compared to its demand. Between 1990s to early 2000s, Australia was one of the biggest exporters of steel. The maximum amount of steel produced in Australia was exported to China. During this period China was in its development stage and requires a lot of iron ore and steel for capital and infrastructure development. Hence the demand for iron ore and steel was very high and their supply was not sufficient to meet such demand. They have to import to fulfill such demands and Australia was their biggest supplier (Hudson Sadler, 2017). During the last decade economy of China has become one of the strongest economies in the world. They are out of their development stage and no longer require such a large amount of steel and iron ore. It can be said that steel requirements in China are at its peak and there are various indicators to justify such statement. The current population of China is very high and it is expected that rate of population will decline in near future. There are various social laws implemented by the government of China for population control. Current rate of urbanization is also very low. Both of these factors show that requirement of steel in future will be less (Yellishetty Mudd, 2014). According to Vice-chairman of the China Iron and Steel Association, China is making strict rules to cut down excessive production activities. This initiative is taken to control air pollution in the country which is at its peak. He also stated that due to increases international prices of steel in 2017, chine has increased in-house production of steel. Iron ore production in the country has increased by 15 % in last two months. However, some of the economists have said that demand for Australian steel in the global market will keep on increasing. Some economists think that demand for steel will not decrease in China. According to world steel association, total production of steel in March 2017 is at its maximum. It has increased by 5.7% as compared to first quarter of 2016 (Sainidis, 2017). According to them, China's steel demand is expected to increase by 4-5 % in 2017. Also, India is in its development stage and demand of steel and iron ore will increase in future. It is expected that India will become the biggest importer of coking coal and steel from Australia in near future. Conclusion In near future, it is believed that Australian steel market will more dependent on the domestic market as compared to its exports. This domestic consumption will contribute more toward economic development as compared to the export of steel. Without demand in domestic market, there are chances of an oversupply of steel in the Australian market. In the international market, the chances of steel demand are less likely. The major reason behind this is decreasing in demand for steel in China. But some of the economists have expressed their views stating that demand for Australian steel will increase due to development activities in India. This picture will become clearer in the first quarter of 2018. The government of Australia should take steps to support producers of steel in the country. They should provide subsidies and other benefits to them to ease them during this down market. References Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Hudson, R. and Sadler, D., 2017.The international steel industry: restructuring, state policies and localities. Routledge. Sainidis, E., 2017. Severstal: growth and consolidation strategies management in a turbulent global steel industry. Shann, E., 2016.An Economic History of Australia. Cambridge University Press. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Yellishetty, M. and Mudd, G.M., 2014. Substance flow analysis of steel and long term sustainability of iron ore resources in Australia, Brazil, China and India.Journal of cleaner production,84, pp.400-410.

Pharmaceuticals Report †Tecnoquimicas Profile Essay Sample free essay sample

Colombia – Pharmaceuticals A ; Healthcare – 04 Dec 2008 Indigenous Manufacturers SWOT Analysis Strengths Tecnoquimicas is a taking domes tic pharmaceutical company in footings of s ales with a big production web of eight fabricating s ites The company has repres entative understandings with m a n y foreign houses. including Argentina’s Gador. Pharmacia. Recordati and As tellas Weaknesses Its frogmans e offering — including favored nutrients. confectionery and pers onal attention points — may cut down focal point and financess available for developing pharmaceuticals The company is vulnerable to s trengthened bioequivalence regulations and competition from foreign generics participants Opportunities Tecnoquimicas is in the mids T of implementing a 10year inves tment program Threats Tecnoquimicas repres ents over 25 foreign houses. but the US FTA may eas e direct market entry for foreign companies Entry of foreign — Es pecially As ian — low-cos T manufacturers threatens the firm’s off-patent merchandise lines Overview Tecnoquimicas was founded in Bogota in 1934. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceuticals Report – Tecnoquimicas Profile Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as a household coach ines s focal point ing on repres enting national and international companies in Colombia. The company. which is one of the larges t pharmaceuticals houses by s ales in Colombia. claims to fabricate 87 % of the merchandises it markets. In 2005. the company reported a 20 % leap in s ales to COP60bn ( US $ 246mn ) and had es timated s ales of US $ 300mn in 2006 and US $ 350mn in 2007. Tecnoquimicas has three production workss in Cali. one of which manufactures unwritten s olid Department of State age signifiers and hous Es a R A ; D installation The Jamundi installation produces s olids and veterinary s teriles. as. good as hous ing a QC research lab and a natural stuff warehous e. The Yumbo installation industries picks and unctions for cos metics and topical merchandises. T h e company operates s nine Dis tribution Centres in Colombia. It has opened a pick and efferves cent merchandises works in Villa Rica for regional unit Tecnofar TQ. Since the 1990s. Tecnoquimicas has expanded internationally. concentrate ing on regional markets. In 1993. it acquired the MK and McK trade names from McKes s on Corporation. and began to bring forth and s ell generics in the Andean part. In July 2008. the company reportedly s igne d a trade with the IFC. the World Bank’s loaning arm. to s ell 10 % of its s hares in return for US $ 25mn to fund future expans ion in Central and South America with a peculiar focal point on the Andean part. Product Portfolio Bes ides pharmaceuticals. the company is active in the pers onal attention. infant nutrition. confectionery. hous ehold merchandises. veterinary and telecommunications s egments. Tecnoquimicas ‘ big pharmaceutical offering includes generic pres cription drugs. pers onal attention merchandises and carnal wellness merchandises. Get downing with an understanding with Bayer for Alka-Seltzer in 1941. the company now repres ents 24 companies in Colombia. including Argentina’s Gador. Italy’s Recordati and Japan’s As tellas. In 1986. Tecnoquimicas acquired Merck A ; Co’s Colombian pharmaceuticals works. Tecnoquimicas repres ented the US drug major in the state until 1996. Tecnoquimicas is a leader in the Colombian Ho pital drugs s egment and the Immigration and Naturalization Services titutional market. T H vitamin E company’s generic anti-infectives portfolio runs to 37 merchandises. The company fields 28 cardiovas cular generics. 13 cardinal nervous s Y tem ( CNS ) drugs. 19 mus culo-s keletal merchandises. 13 alimentary/metabolis m readyings and nine RESs piratory pres entations. Contacts Tecnoquim icas C alle 23 7-39 C Ali Tel: +57 ( 2 ) 882 5555 World Wide Web. tecnoquim icas. com. co Leading Drug Merchandises Flucanazole Lipicare ( Lipitor ) Sim vastatin C rem a No. 4 Enalapril Glim epiride Fluoxetine Tecnoquimicas Recent Activity Tecnoquimicas has announced programs to inves t s ome COP25bn ( US $ 10mn ) in 2006. chiefly on spread outing and upgrading its production installations and offices. The Jamundi installation — which produces unwritten s olid signifiers for human us e — and the Villa Rica unit will pull a major s hare of the new s pending. Senior company s ources ALSs o remark that regional expans ion will stay a precedence The company has grown its s ales in Ecuador by s ome 25 % s ince 2002. and claims to be. the market leader in footings of units s old in the state In 2007. the company s assistance it aimed to. increas e s ales at that place to US $ 20mn by year-end. The house entered Peru in early 2006. Tecnoquimicas has vigorous ly protes ted an FTA with the US. chiefly oppos ing new IP provis ions. The company markets a figure of transcripts of patented pharmaceuticals. which has brought it into struggle with R A ; D-bas erectile dysfunction multinationals in the p as t. Nevertheles s. it has s trong potency in the field of generics. although the entry of low-cos T As ian manufacturers could intens ify competitory pres s ures in the coming old ages. This stuff is protected by international right of first publication Torahs. and us e of this is s ubject to our Footings A ; Conditions. Â © 2012 Bus ines s Monitor International Ltd

Tips to Improve Your French Verb Conjugations

Tips to Improve Your French Verb Conjugations Conjugating French verbs in a workbook or letter is one thing, but remembering individual verb conjugations when youre speaking is another matter entirely. Here are some tips to help you get better at conjugating French verbs. Learn the Conjugations Before you can even start to worry about speaking French with correctly conjugated verbs, you have to learn the conjugations. There are hundreds of pages on this site that can help you learn how to conjugate French verbs: Present tense conjugations - lessons to help you learn the conjugation patterns for regular verbs, reflexive verbs, stem-changing verbs, impersonal verbs, and compound tensesTop 10 French verbs - lessons on à ªtre, avoir, and the next eight most common French verbsVerb timeline - table of all the French verb tenses and moods, with links to conjugation lessons Practice Conjugating Once youve learned the conjugations, you need to practice them. The more you practice, the easier it will be for you to grab the right conjugation during a  spontaneous discussion. Some of these activities might seem boring or silly, but the point is simply to get you used to seeing, hearing and speaking the conjugations - here are some ideas. Say Them Out Loud When you come across verbs while reading a book, newspaper, or French lesson, say the subject and verb out loud. Reading conjugations is good, but saying them out loud is even better, because it gives you practice both speaking and listening to the conjugation. Write Them Out Spend 10 to 15 minutes every day conjugating verbs along with the appropriate subject pronouns. You can practice writing either the conjugations for several different tenses/moods of a single verb, or all of the, for example, imperfect conjugations for several verbs. After you write them out, say them out loud. Then write them again, say them again, and repeat 5 or 10 times. When you do this, youll see the conjugations, feel what its like to say them, and hear them, all of which will help you the next time you are actually speaking French. Conjugations for Everyone Pick up a newspaper or book and look for a verb conjugation. Say it out loud, then reconjugate the verb for all the other grammatical persons. So if you see il est (he is), youll write and/or speak all of the present tense conjugations for à ªtre. When youre done, look for another verb and do the same thing. Change the Tense This is similar to the above, but this time you reconjugate the verb into other tenses you want to practice. For example, if you see the third person singular present tense il est, change it to il a à ©tà © (passà © composà ©), il à ©tait (imperfect), and il sera (future). Write and/or speak these new conjugations, then look for another verb. Sing Along Set some conjugations to a simple tune, like Twinkle Twinkle Little Star or The Itsy Bitsy Spider, and sing it in the shower, in your car on the way to work/school, or while washing the dishes. Use Flashcards Make a set of  flashcards for the verbs you have the most trouble with by writing a subject pronoun and the infinitive on one side and the correct conjugation on the other. Then test yourself by looking at the first side and saying the subject and its conjugation out loud, or by looking at the conjugation and deciding which subject pronoun(s) its conjugated for. Verb Workbooks Another way to practice conjugations is with specialized French verb workbooks, like these: French Verb Drills by R. de Roussy de SalesFrench Verb Workbook by Jeffrey T. Chamberlain Ph.D and Lara Finklea  compare pricesThe Ultimate French Verb Review and Practice by David M. Stillman and Ronni L. Gordon  Compare Prices Improve Your French Improve your French listening comprehensionImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

See instructions - Essay Example His new love affair plus Catherine’s miscarriages made him want to divorce her. The pope was Henry’s only choice to seek help as he was the one who could allow the divorce. But the pope delayed it as he was playing politics. Henry became furious and in his agitation he initiated the parliamentary legislation. His aim was to disavow the papal authority and he achieved his goal as a council of English churchmen allowed Henry to divorce Catherine. He married Anne Boleyn immediately. The context might seem just a fairy tale where a king in the pursuit of his lust and in his machismo divorced his wife and married his newfound love. However, the repercussions in Europe are much broader than that. The incident made people question the Catholic Church’s authority, their hierarchy and their general rule of governing the government. Henry wasn’t the only one frustrated with the Church’s power; many people with religious background also questioned the church’s authority. The English Act of Supremacy also fueled the protestant movement throughout Europe as the main source of the power, the king, was repudiating the Catholic authority. The repercussions in Europe were very strong; the monarchy broke with Rome and Henry became the supreme authority of the Anglican Church. It also fueled the fire to the conflicts between the Protestants and the Catholics. The ripples of the act did not remain confined within England. Many European countries saw an opportunity to overthrow the autonomous power of the Catholic Church. Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) was one of the greatest scholars of northern European Renaissance. He felt repulsed by the Church’s abuse of its power. Along with many famous people of his time, he did not appreciate older beliefs that were now seen mainly as outdated. He considered such limiting belief systems worthy to be thrown out especially in the wake of awareness such as universal education and the invention of the printing

Graphic Novel Comparason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graphic Novel Comparason - Essay Example These novels thus give an excellent chance to the writer to be creative in both ways; in terms of writing as well as drawing. For the purpose of this essay, three very renowned graphic novels have been chosen to work with, namely, ‘City of Glass: The Graphic Novel’ by Paul Auster, ‘The Salon’ by Nick Bertozzi and ‘Boulevard of Broken Dreams’ by Kim Deitch. All three novels chosen here depict very unusual characters; the one thing common with all three is that they are based on certain protagonists however all three are different in the same aspect as City of Glass follows a detective and The Salon is based on fictitious painters whereas The Boulevard of Broken Dreams is a graphic novel about the life and times of an imaginary cat and a young boy. One commonality between the works of Bertozzi and Deitch is that they have both produced fictional characters with their imagination and given them a very different spin; for example the use of Waldo for the cat for the purpose of an animation studio just like Disney and the use of painters having the same names as Picasso, Biraque and Stein. Thus the two novelists have made use of prominent personalities in society by turning them into works of fiction and art. Bertozzi’s novels is basically about a number of painters from the city of Paris, practising a very avant garde style of art and are confidently trying to weave their way through life with the help of wit and charm. The painters are based on the lives of Picasso, Braque, Gertrude and Stein and all the four have been given very distinct personalities. The best part about their reflection has been the way they have been portrayed through images and not only through the narrative, which gives the reader a very graphic image indeed of the kind of lives they lived. This novel follows a very amusing and light story line for any kind of a reader; however has a lot of deep thought attached

How did the war on drugs affect the African American Community Term Paper

How did the war on drugs affect the African American Community - Term Paper Example Thesis statement: The war on drugs initiated by the US government affect the African American Community because it leads to further problems in the society. The war on drugs The war on drugs is initiated by the US government, aiming to conduct campaigns against production, supply and abuse of harmful drugs. Friman opines that â€Å"Among developed countries, the United States has adopted the strictest national control measures against illicit drugs and has played the most active role in international enforcement† (4). The war on drugs includes providing military support to reduce international level illegal drug trade. The National Prohibition Act of 1920, which prohibited the usage of alcohol, is to be considered as the initial step against the influence of harmful beverages. One can easily identify that this Act led to implementation of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 in USA. The establishment of Drug Enforcement Administration in the year 197 3 was another innovative step taken by the US government against drug abuse. In addition, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 paved the way for the the  National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988, which created the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) under the US government. The ONDCP conducts a number of media campaigns among the youngsters to create awareness against drug abuse. In short, the war on drugs is a continuation of drug policy in the US. How did drugs affect the African American Community? Almost all the racial groups in the US face the problem of drug addiction and related issues. Comparing to other racial groups, the African American Communities face more problem from drugs.... The history of the African American Communities and their growth and development from slavery to freedom, gaining political, social and economic progress did not help much to fight against drugs. Besides, an individual’s gender, age and economic status are considerable factors which lead to drug addiction. From a different angle of view, the socioeconomic status is to be considered as a vital factor which leads an individual towards drug addiction. When this idea is superimposed into the context of drug addiction among the African American Communities, one can easily identify that poverty originating from socioeconomic disparity is the most important factor which leads to drug addiction. The war on drugs resulted in rapid increase of prison population because the law enforcement department became more active and vigilant. Within this context, more African Americans were imprisoned and it resulted in further problems. For instance, the law enforcement agencies targeted the low income communities (say, the African American Communities) in the lower strata of the society. Roberts opines that â€Å" Though whites, given their numerical superiority in the population, make up the majority of drug users, African Americans have been the chief targets by police† (30). The initiative undertaken by the US government reduced the negative influence of harmful drugs among the people but it affected the African American Communities. The grass root level cause of drug abuse or addiction among the African Americans is interconnected with their socio-economic status in the society. For instance, some of the African Americans consider drug abuse as an easy way to escape from the economic problems

Marital Satisfaction And Gender Sociology Essay

Marital Satisfaction And Gender Sociology Essay Marital satisfaction also called marital quality is defined as the happiness and satisfaction one feels about their relationship with their spouse, as well as how well one feels their spouse fulfills their needs (Booth, Johnson, and Granger, 2005; Peleg, 2008). Marital satisfaction is the subject of much sociological research. Most of this research has focused on how certain influences affect marital satisfaction. Current research examines how factors such as division of labor, income, and parenthood affect marital quality (Kluwer, Heesink, and Van De Vliert, 1997; Tichenor, 1999; Cox, Paley, Burchinal and Payne, 1999). Studies shows that many factors play a role in the happiness spouses feel about their relationships. Much of the early research in this area focused on the traditional roles of husbands and wives. Because of recent trends such as the increase in dual-earner households and the fact that many women are making more money than their husbands, more recent studies focus on how gender role ideologies affect the marital relationship. Gender role ideology is how a person relates to family or marital roles that are usually linked to gender (Minnotte, Minnotte, Pederson, Mannon, and Kiger, 2010). Gender role ideologies are defined by Mickelson, Claffey, and Williams (2006) as spouses expectations of each other as well as of themselves within the context of the marital relationship. Mickelson et al. (2006) investigate the impact of egalitarian and traditional gender roles on marital satisfaction. Gender role ideology is shown to be a major influence on the levels of marital satisfaction reported by husbands and wives. Marital discord also influences marital satisfaction. Rogers (1999) defines m arital discord as problems and conflict in the marital relationship. Communication and interaction between spouses can have a major impact on marital quality. Does gender play a role in marital satisfaction? This article will examine previous research on the major factors that influence marital satisfaction, including gender role ideology, division of labor, income, children and parenthood, and communication and marital interaction beginning with the factors that correlate most with gender. GENDER ROLE IDEOLOGY Gender role ideology is defined by Minnotte et al. (2010) as the identity one assigns him- or herself with regard to gender-linked marriage or family roles. The difference in expectations between egalitarian and traditional gender roles can have a major impact on marital satisfaction. Lower marriage satisfaction in women seems to be the result of traditional gender role expectations (Ng, Loy, Gudmunson, and Cheong, 2009). However, lower marriage satisfaction in men tends to be influenced by egalitarian gender role expectations (Ng et al. 2009). Traditional relationships can appear to be less conflicted than egalitarian ones, but this is likely the result of conflict avoidance in the traditional relationship (Kluwer et al. 1997). Egalitarian relationships may seem to observers to have more conflict, however, they also have more communication and conflict resolution, whereas traditional relationships foster lower marital satisfaction by evading conflict management (Kluwer et al. 1997). Studies show that the gender role ideologies of husbands and wives play a significant role in their levels of marital quality. Mens marital quality is higher when the husband and wife share the same role ideology and is lower when the ideologies differ (Minnotte et al. 2010). When work responsibilities interfere with family responsibilities, the quality of marriage and other familial relationships can deteriorate. Minnotte et al. (2010) explain that egalitarian wives marital satisfaction suffers with relation to work-to-family conflict (lower marital satisfaction is related to high work-to-family conflict). Work-to-family conflict is defined as conflict that occurs when family needs are negatively impacted by the demands of ones work (Minnotte et al. 2010). DIVISION OF LABOR Division of labor continues to be a contentious issue between spouses. Saginak and Saginak (2005) define labor in the context of marriage and family as responsibilities of the home, including domestic, emotion and organizational work necessary to maintaining a family home. Dew and Wilcox (2011), Faulkner et al. (2005), and Ng et al. (2009) all report that a perception of inequitable distribution of household labor is directly related to marital dissatisfaction. In addition, Kluwer et al. (1997) report that just because a couple does not report household labor conflict doesnt mean that it is not present in their relationship. In traditional marriages, wives frequently avoid division of labor conflict, however discontent they may be, according to Kluwer et al. (1997). Evidence shows that instrumental support is crucial to marital satisfaction for egalitarian wives (Mickelson et al. 2006). However, the level of egalitarianism in men is negatively related to their marital satisfaction, probably because there is a higher expectation of household labor duties for egalitarian men compared to traditional men (Mickelson et al. 2006). This shows that in spite of egalitarian beliefs, many men still do not consider household labor their responsibility. INCOME The amount of money a woman makes doesnt influence marital quality in the ways we may think. Tichenor (1999) finds that gender has more of an impact on marital satisfaction than status or income. In families where the wife earns more money than the husband, most women reject the power they may get from earning more money and create an image of their husbands control of the family (Tichenor, 1999). These status-reversal relationships appear to seek the image of a conventional marriage (Tichenor, 1999). Tichenors (1999) research shows that most husbands prefer the label of provider and do not object to this manufactured image. Wives who earn more money than their husbands are still doing a majority of the housework while contributing a majority of the family income (Tichenor, 1999). This shows that housework is gendered and not influenced by wives income. Women cannot exchange money for housework by earning more money than their husbands (Tichenor, 1999). Rogers (1999) reports that wives marital dissatisfaction significantly influences wives income. Marital discord can contribute to a womans decision to get a job, but husbands marital dissatisfaction has no influence over their wives income (Rogers, 1999). Interestingly, Faulkner, Davey, and Davey (2005) report that wives job loss creates less marital conflict and a higher level of marital satisfaction for them. However, the time their husbands spend working outside the home is negatively related to their marital happiness (Faulkner et al. 2005). When a wife is unhappy, she is more likely to get a job outside the home, but when an employed wife loses her job, it contributes to less conflict and more satisfaction in the marriage. This illustrates the tendency of many men to have traditional gender role expectations. CHILDREN/PARENTHOOD The effects of parenthood on marriage are also more complicated than expected. Cox et al. (1999) argue that having children creates a decrease in marital satisfaction, but that the severity of the decrease is significantly influenced by whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned, the gender of the child, and the conflict managements skills of the couple prior to pregnancy. Levels of marital satisfaction have been shown to bottom out around the childs first birthday, and then increase in small increments during the childs second year of life (Cox et al. 1999). Planned pregnancies purported higher levels of marital satisfaction than unplanned pregnancies. Studies show that parents of male children report higher levels of marital satisfaction than parents of female children, although the difference was slight (Cox et al. 1999). Dew and Wilcox (2011) report that wives decrease in marital satisfaction shortly after childbirth was attributed to a decrease in time spent with their spous e as compared to prior to the birth of the child. COMMUNICATION/MARITAL INTERACTION Communication plays a vital role in marital quality. Disclosure is the sharing of information about the self including past information and future plans (Finkenauer, Engels, Branje, and Meeus, 2004). Disclosure is a key aspect of marital communication. Finkenauer et al. (2004) state that disclosure in horizontal familial relationships is positively related to relationship quality. Sharing between spouses can lead to more intimacy and feelings of closeness (Finkenauer et al. 2004). Loss of time spent together as a couple can contribute to low marital satisfaction (Dew and Wilcox, 2011). Spending time together can lead to more sharing and disclosure, and has been shown to lead to higher levels of marital satisfaction for husbands and wives (Finkenauer et al. 2004). Interpersonal differentiation is also very important to personal relationships. Peleg (2008) defines interpersonal differentiation as the capacity for both intimacy and autonomy in relationships with others. Peleg (2008) argues that the differentiation of self is crucial to marital satisfaction. There is delicate balance of togetherness and separation that contributes to a healthy marriage (Peleg, 2008). More marital conflict is experienced by couples with low differentiation (Peleg, 2008). Peleg (2008) also states that low differentiation can result in negative feelings, which can negatively impact marriage satisfaction. These factors were equally significant for both men and women (Peleg, 2008). High marital locus of control (MLC) is associated with increased marital happiness (Myers and Booth, 1999). Locus of control is defined by Myers et al. (1999) as the level of control one feels over the conditions of their life. High MLC among spouses is directly correlated to lower reported marital instability and conflict (Myers and Booth, 1999). In other words, a perception of more control over marital activity equals increased perceived marital quality (Myers and Booth, 1999). Gender has not been shown to play a role in the MLC factor. Another aspect of the level of marital satisfaction has to do with the increasing number of aging wives caring for their ill and/or aging husbands. Between impaired husbands and their care giving wives, reciprocity of emotional support is directly related to lower perceptions of burden and increased marital satisfaction in the wives (Wright and Aquilino, 1998). Although reciprocity levels depend on the impairment of the husbands, increased interaction leads to higher marital quality perception in care giving wives (Wright and Aquilino, 1998.) CONCLUSION There is no simple answer to whether gender influences marital satisfaction. Simply stating that one gender is happier in marriage than the other is oversimplifying the facts. Most literature on marital satisfaction focuses on the different factors that influence marital satisfaction such as gender role ideology, income, children and parenting, communication and marital interaction, and division of labor. Some research goes a step further to distinguish how each factor is affected by gender, and some does not. There are so many angles from which to look at the quality of marriage that it would be next to impossible to isolate gender as the single most compelling issue in marital satisfaction. For example, a husband who has traditional gender role expectations is more likely to report higher marital satisfaction if his wife stays home with the children and does all the housework. However, if the wife does not share the traditional gender role expectations, she will be unhappy in the marriage, which will no doubt affect the husbands satisfaction with the relationship. These multi-layered findings make it obvious that gender is not the most significant factor in determining marital satisfaction. Differing gender role ideologies clearly influence marital satisfaction, as does each spouses expectations about their partners income. But husbands and wives are shown to have the same preferences when it comes to marital communication and disclosure. They also report almost identical patterns of marital satisfaction when it comes to the transition into parenthood. This illustrates how although influential, gender is not one of the most significant factors in marital satisfaction. Future research on this topic could focus specifically on how gender alone directly affects marital satisfaction. Excluding other influential factors could mean isolating the specific ways gender affects marital satisfaction in a way that hasnt been done before. This would be challenging, but finding a way to focus on gender would provide information that isnt currently available. This information can be useful to professionals who study the breakdown of marriage or to marriage counselors who are trying to help troubled couples salvage damaged relationships. It could also provide researchers with data that may predict the likelihood of success in future relationships.

The Past, Present and Future of Social Security Essay -- Social Securi

Social Security A Historical View Social security, the federal retirement system, is one of the most popular government programs in United State?s history. Today, Social Security benefits are the backbone of the nation's retirement income system. The long road to the successful development of social security began in 1935. Before 1935, very few workers received job pensions. Those workers that were covered never received benefits because they were not guaranteed. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the original Social Security Act. It comprised of two services: a Social Security retirement benefit that applied only to workers, and a welfare program for the elderly called Old Age Assistance. Social Security benefits were not paid until 1942 to allow for a period of partial forward funding. The retirement benefit service was funded by a two percent tax on the first $3000 of payroll earnings, 1 percent form employers and 1 percent from workers. In 1939, Social Security was amended to include coverage to dependents of workers who died. The payroll tax income was also set aside in a separate trust fund. Social Security gained national commitment in 1950 when the Old Age Assistance program was phased out. Benefits were increased by 77 percent and the payroll tax rate was increased to 6.5 percent on a phased ? in basis. This increment was partly a response to an expansion in private pensions that were being won by unions in collective bargaining agreements. The pensions, usually, served as a supplement to social security benefits. Employers supported Social Security increases because they were considered more economical than private pensions. In order to increase Social Securit... ...bout higher deductibles, reduced benefits, or the probability of a government-run program that many not meet its commitment. The increase in the nation?s savings rate would not only benefit retirees, but would strengthen the economy. Savings would be invested privately, which would create new businesses and jobs. Bibliography Cambetas, Daniela. The Economic Reality of Social Security. Social Security. 25 Aug. 2007. Conover, Pat. ?A Concise History of Social Security.? 20 July 2001. 25 July 2007. http://www.ucc.org/justice/ss/history.htm. Social Security Online. 25 July 2007. . Social Security: The Perspectives in Detail. Public Agenda Online. 8 Aug. 2007. http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/debate_detail2.cfm?issue_type=ss. The Past, Present and Future of Social Security Essay -- Social Securi Social Security A Historical View Social security, the federal retirement system, is one of the most popular government programs in United State?s history. Today, Social Security benefits are the backbone of the nation's retirement income system. The long road to the successful development of social security began in 1935. Before 1935, very few workers received job pensions. Those workers that were covered never received benefits because they were not guaranteed. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the original Social Security Act. It comprised of two services: a Social Security retirement benefit that applied only to workers, and a welfare program for the elderly called Old Age Assistance. Social Security benefits were not paid until 1942 to allow for a period of partial forward funding. The retirement benefit service was funded by a two percent tax on the first $3000 of payroll earnings, 1 percent form employers and 1 percent from workers. In 1939, Social Security was amended to include coverage to dependents of workers who died. The payroll tax income was also set aside in a separate trust fund. Social Security gained national commitment in 1950 when the Old Age Assistance program was phased out. Benefits were increased by 77 percent and the payroll tax rate was increased to 6.5 percent on a phased ? in basis. This increment was partly a response to an expansion in private pensions that were being won by unions in collective bargaining agreements. The pensions, usually, served as a supplement to social security benefits. Employers supported Social Security increases because they were considered more economical than private pensions. In order to increase Social Securit... ...bout higher deductibles, reduced benefits, or the probability of a government-run program that many not meet its commitment. The increase in the nation?s savings rate would not only benefit retirees, but would strengthen the economy. Savings would be invested privately, which would create new businesses and jobs. Bibliography Cambetas, Daniela. The Economic Reality of Social Security. Social Security. 25 Aug. 2007. Conover, Pat. ?A Concise History of Social Security.? 20 July 2001. 25 July 2007. http://www.ucc.org/justice/ss/history.htm. Social Security Online. 25 July 2007. . Social Security: The Perspectives in Detail. Public Agenda Online. 8 Aug. 2007. http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/debate_detail2.cfm?issue_type=ss.

Stop! Wait! I Am Pulling Down a Menu!

San Jose, CA, with the smallest officer-to-resident ration in the country, is named one of the safest cities in the United States. From 1990 to 2004, officers worked on a daily basis with a text-based mobile dispatch system, which they had no problem with. A major issue happened when, in 2004, this system was replaced by a new Windows-based touch screen software, developed by Intergraph. In this new project, a new touch screen computer was installed in every patrol car. The idea of the software was correct, it was supposed to bring many benefits and simply help officers, make their life easier. The new software was designed to receive orders, send messages, write reports, receive maps of the city, and use the GPS to let officers know where they are located. The success of the software was not as planned. Even before it was installed, officers were already upset that their input was not asked about the design of the interface; nobody asked their opinion and suggestions for the creation of the new system. The software itself had way too many complications. Officers were not satisfied at all with it. Some of the issues included were the increasingly difficult to use code 99-emergency, the time it took them to find whether a person they stopped had violent criminal record, mapping and GPS inaccuracies, and unneeded information that took screen space along with difficult font to read. The software simply did not work, it crashed after two days of its debut. It was fixed and debugged, but still had major issues. Dispatchers were also very dissatisfied with the Intergraph system because of the risky delays in task execution, because it could not perform multiple tasks simultaneously, between many more. They too, thought should have been consulted during the interface design stage. To fix these issues, SJPOA provided more training to officers and hired a consultant to see what could be done. The consultant realized there were too many complex hierarchies that did not make sense for anyone who had to be using the system while driving a car. Even with all these disagreements, San Jose did not replace the system. While looking at the examples given about Chicago and San Diego, I can see there is still hope for San Jose and the implementation of the new system. Are the problems encountered by the police officers due to hardware or software? The problems encountered were due to both, hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical components of computers and related electronic devices such as PDAs. It was stated in the case that older officers were having more trouble than the younger ones and I believe it is because they are not used to the new computers and devices. The input devices are the ones that receive signals from outside the computer and transfer them into the computer. The most common input devices are the computer keyboard and mouse, but some advices accept voice, imagine, or other signals (Oz, E. , 2009). In this case, their problems were with the touch screen computers, which can serve both as an input and output device. Software was the major problem in this case. The software implemented simply did not work; there were too many bugs and mistakes. The idea of the software was to make officer’s lives easier and not more complicated. It seems that the software was too complex and slow to be used by police officers and fire fighters, who can most of the time be in danger and in need of fast and accurate information. Whom do you think is at fault for the unsuccessful implementation of the new software? Why? I believe the fault is to be blamed on the police and city officials. Their thought was good, they wanted to improve their system, but did not get any input from the officers to know what kind of system would work for them, what they need to most, if it is speed, accuracy, GPS, what would make their lives easier. I believe it lacked communication between them. With all this information, police officials could have gone to Intergraph and explained what kind of system they were looking for, how they wanted it to be, what should have its emphasis on. People, specially the â€Å"technologically challenged,† are often not receptive of new technologies. Was this a major issue in this case? I don’t believe it was a major issue, but it was one. The case stated even the tolerant and receptive officers were having obstacles to adapt to the new system, and it also said the older officers were having more trouble than the younger ones. Technology is changing so fast and some of us can not get caught up with it many times. The older officers were used with the paper and pen method, some of them probably do not even have (or if they do they got it not too long ago) a computer at home. If they are used to computers I am sure it is not the touch screen one, it is the laptop or desktop type. All of these make it more difficult to accept the new technology but it is not something that can not be converted with training. After getting familiar with the computers and systems they will realize it is going to make their job much easier and simple. If you were the CEO of Intergraph before it assumed the project for San Jose, what would you do differently? As the CEO of Intergraph I would have talked to the officials to know exactly what they are looking for in the system and try to create one that is as easy as possible to use. I would hold a lot of training sections to the officers to make sure they knew what they were doing and how they could use the system to their advantage. I believe Intergraph probably created a system that is not compatible with what they were needing. They should have held sections with the officers to know how familiar they are with computers, what they do and do not know about it. I am sure with useful information like this the system created would have been much more user friendly and therefore more effectively used. My recommendations for this case are as follow: Hold more training sections: I believe with training this situation can be solved in a simple way. I know that much of it depends on the effectiveness of the software itself, but once it is solved and free of bugs, training sections will be helpful for officers to get very familiar with the system and start using it to their advantage. Nowadays they can no longer work with paper and pen, computers will save them a lot of time and effort if used correctly. I also believe the training sections should be done with touch screen computers instead of desktop or laptops. Officers need to be able to practice on a screen just like the one they are going to work with in the car. This will make them feel more comfortable when using the software on the job. Get input from officers: the best way to make officers and dispatchers satisfied with the new system and computers is to get them involved in the process. They should be able to give their opinion about the whole situation and give inputs on what they believe would make a difference and what would not. They are the ones who will use it al all times so they should know what kind of system they want and will fulfill their needs when time comes. Fix software error: I am sure this is something they are already working on, and as stated in the case, San Diego also had the same problem when started using the same software and now it is working much better. They worked with Intergraph to fit the system to their needs and I believe San Jose needs to do the same. Get officers more adapted to technology: with time they will understand that technology is there to make their personal and professional lives better. Resistance is an emotional response based on feelings. You cannot talk people out of their emotions. In fact, their emotions become fiercer when they sense that their feelings are being challenged. An alternative and more effective approach is to ask about the concerns regarding the change. Talk to the officers to know what is holding them back. I think some workshops and/or meetings with experts in technology would give them an idea of what is available to them. I am sure a touch screen computer with many icons and items can be scary to some of them, but after they understand how to use everything they will truly take advantage of it.

The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management

The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management Introduction Operations management is an area that deals in managing the processes involved in production and distribution of goods and services. This means that it deals with management of business processes. It can also be defined as the field concerned with managing and directing the physical and technical functions of a firm or organization. The firm or the organization must be relating to development, production, and manufacturing (Weiss Gershon 19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operational management is involved with many activities some of which are product and service management. The product and service management activities include creation of the product, development, production and product distribution. Other activities are purchase inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluation of processes. T he main purpose of operational management is to ensure that these business processes and activities are carried out efficiently and effectively. Operation management is therefore concerned with the internal processes of a business. However, the nature of how operational management works in an organization depends on the product and services that the organization deals with. Operation management is the centre of all the changes that occur in the world of business. Some of the changes are changes in customer preference, changes in supply network caused by technologies and also changes in the quality of the product to suit the customer (Weiss Gershon 21). Quality control is one of the very crucial activities of an operations management. It should be very effective so that a continuous improvement on the quality is observed. Safe Kids Organization This is an organization that aims in preventing accidental childhood injuries in the United Arab Emirates. The organization is one of the gl obal networks of organizations called Safe kids worldwide. The organization has noted that accidental childhood injuries are the main causes of death in children. Accidental injuries take more children’s lives than diseases, violence or other causes. This mostly affects children of 14 years and below. Most of these injuries are caused by motor vehicle crashes, falls, fire, bicycle accidents and other sporting related accidents. The organization believes that the injuries are preventable. This is possible if safety equipments are used and if the environment the children play is modified. Change of behavior can also help in preventing accidental injuries in children. Safe kids have come up with significant progress in reducing the risk of accidental injury to children. Some of the progresses are provision of more advanced equipment in the hospital. It has also offered education to parents on how to prevent accidental injuries from occurring to the children. Safe kids also advoc ates for laws that protect children. They also provide safety device measures to families who need them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization has brought together health and safety experts, educators, corporations, foundations, government and even volunteers. These people help the organization to effectively achieve its objectives. Matching Operations Management and Safe Kid Organization Operations management has helped Safe kids in achieving its goals. Setting up hospitals which take good care of injured children is one of the goals. The organization is also providing advanced equipments to hospitals which are specialized for children cases. The operations management wants Safe kids’ organization to effect its operation of ensuring that all the kids are safe. That is why, the operation managers are always passing and strengthening child safety l aws and regulations. Such laws make the whole country to take the initiative of ensuring a child safe. It also leads to a responsible country as no one wants to be fined or taken to court for breaking the law. Education to parents and children is also an idea from operations management. Parents are taught on how to prevent children from getting injured. Children are also taught on how they should take care of themselves. The teachings have proven to the parents that prevention is better than cure. Since the accidents are unintentional, they can therefore be prevented. Operating managers of Safe kids have also started conducting research. The research involves visiting different hospitals and collecting data of how many children have visited the hospitals due to injuries. This research will help the managers to know which area needs to be taught about children safety. They are also able to know which hospital need the specialized equipments for children safety. Safety devices are als o provided to some families. Most of the families given the devices are those with many children. Also, families living in a risky environment are provided with these devices. This keeps the children safe, even in the unfriendly surrounding. Some of the lifesaving devices provided are smoke alarms, helmets and safety seats. How Safe Kids Operates Safe Kids operates by teaching parents on how to prevent injuries to their children. This is done in hospitals, church and even in schools, where most parents are gathered. The organization also has experts who move from home to home talking to parents. Parents are taught on how to transport children safely in cars. They should check car seats and booster seats for proper installation. They are asked to first teach them how to ride motor bikes before buying them the bikes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Le arn More Children are also taught about their safety by the organization. They are taught what they should and should not do when around or in the vehicle. They are also taught on how to walk on the streets, especially when going or leaving the schools. Safe kids programs are ongoing activities which get the members of community involved in child safety initiatives. One of the programs is creating safe environment. It is the work of every member of a community to keep the environment safe. A safe environment must also be clean. Community members can ensure a safe environment by not littering dirt around. This dirt is dangerous to the children as it can make them fall or hurt them. They can also get poisoned, especially young children who go eating anything they come across. Assessments Operations management has always been very effective in every business. Its results are always positive in every business enterprise where products are produced or services are provided. In ou r case Safe Kids organization offers services to the children. Operations management has helped the organization provide the service effectively. The rate of children injury has reduced especially in the United States, where it has reduced from 78% to 30%. There are also very rare cases of children injuries in different hospitals all over the world. Suggestions Introduction of complex and complicated equipments need qualified personnel. The organization should first train some of its employees on how the equipments are operated. This will ensure that the equipment performs its function effectively. The safety devices provided to families should be more advanced such that they can protect a child from getting poisoned. This is because; most of these devices are about physical injury. This will help reduce the poisoning cases. Poisoning is even the most dangerous of all the injuries because it can even kill a child. The number one cause of deaths of children in industrialized countrie s is the unintentional injuries. Therefore, Safe Kids Worldwide should ensure that the more advanced equipments are readily found in those countries. Operational managers of safe kids should send qualified and health experts in the area. Educators are also needed to educate parents and children in industrialized area. Children need to know how they should carry themselves around and while in the industries. Many well equipped health centers need to be established near the industries for emergency cases.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations should also promote corporate leadership. This can be achieved through effective and sustainable partnership. Corporate leadership will help in ensuring that the organization’s employees are carrying out their duties effectively. This will lead to a good relationship between the customer and organization. Conclusion There are two main functions of an organization. One is to provide a product or a service and the other function is to sell the product or service. However, Operations management mostly focuses on the first function of providing product or service. Operations management plans and controls all activities necessary for the provision of the firm’s product or service. Since the aspect of Operation management emphasizes on the product or service provision, it has some ways to make this possible. It gives advice on the best techniques and equipment to use to make the goods or provide a service. It emphasizes on work force management, training of emp loyees and measurement of quality assurance. Operational managers who adhere to the above ideas and technologies are able to improve productivity and reduce cost. They are also able to enhance the quality of a good and customer service. An organization is also able to meet the rapidly changing customer needs. Weiss, Howard, and Gershon, Mark. Production and Operations Management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. Print.

The Pre-Columbian Era essays

The Pre-Columbian Era essays Cuauhtmoc, meaning "one that has descended like an eagle" was born February 23rd and died on February 28th,1525, at the age of twenty-three. Cuauhtmoc was the last leader during the arrival of Cortes. One thing that stood out to me about Cuauhtmoc was when the Professor Luna spoke about him September 9th in her lecture. She said that he was captured and his feet were to be burned. And to Cuauhtmocs luck this did not affect him because he was accustomed to walking on fire and feeling the pain and the burning of the flames. Cuauhtmoc bones were found in Ixcateopan, where he was also born. Cuauhtmoc's life has already been a huge remembrance in the Mexican community. On his birthday there is a traditional celebration. On February 23rd every year there is a dance, that goes on the whole day in remembrance of him. There is also a ceremony called the Mali Nalco, which is a ceremony where young men that are coming of age. It stands for the eagle and the jaguar. I also enjoyed in the lecture how something that Cuauhtmoc said can be carried on into todays time. When his feet were being burned I recall professor Luna saying that Cuauhtmoc was quoted about saying that he wasnt doing the pain for pleasure, and that is where the saying Do you think I am in a bed of roses came from. It is so interesting how something can be dragged out for so many years. One other thing that I found really interesting about Cuauhtmoc was when professor Luna showed us all the different pictures of him. Each picture was not the same. What made it even more interesting is how we can take what Cuauhtmoc has done and keep it alive and have celebrations on his birthday of him but the images of him are so different. What makes it seem right that the celebration and the rest of the information is really true about Cuauhtmoc? Mexico culture and the pe...

The Concept of Human Resource Management Assignment

The Concept of Human Resource Management - Assignment Example All these careers relate to the training, developing and managing an aspect of the labor force in an organization. They cater to an extensive application of all the theories and aspects of the human resource knowledge in a broader aspect. Many organizations require a good personal, professional and academic profile in order to recruit people for the position of any skilled job in management designation. For less skilled job or fresh graduates with less or no experience, initial level jobs are offered. On the other hand, those candidates, who possess more experience and have the great qualification, are normally offered managerial level jobs in the human resource field. In this case, the Training and development Specialists are required to have basic knowledge of HR, a bachelor’s degree in the required field, and diplomas or certificates in the fields of training and developing the people. This is also performed by the individuals who are specialists in the field of managing people. Compensation and benefits in this designation are on an average level, while the job may be on a contractual basis only. Compensation and Benefits Manager is the position of a senior or managerial level. This position requires a Master’s degree in the relevant field, an acquaintance of candidates with the subject of accountancy and finance, and a good amount of long experience. The candidates with extra qualification and certificates are usually preferred for this post. The compensation and benefits may vary from organization to organization; however, the managers are normally given higher salary packages and good non-cash benefits too. These include car, cell phones, laptops, and other things.

The Moral Issues Of The Animal Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Moral Issues Of The Animal Testing - Essay Example The debates stemming from animal rights are one of the major issues being discussed in medical symposiums and environmentalists. In my opinion, animal testing is not justified. Animal testing is not only morally wrong, but also the results of the experiments are not hundred percent accurate. It has been estimated that over 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals are used in experiments and trials; the figure of animals used in testing is even greater. The animals that have not been weaned and invertebrates are not included in the aforementioned figure. A major fraction of the animals that have been tested upon is killed. Although many of the researchers are being conducted on the safety of animals, it is not justified to use animals for the purpose of human safety. It is not off beam to know more about animals and to study them in more detail like there is nothing wrong in furthering our research about planetary bodies. However, it needs to be noted that the researchers being done on an imals can be misleading. It is with experience and researches conducted in the past that have made us realize that some drugs may fail to elicit the same response as they did in animals. It is such failed researchers that attest to the fact that animals are different from humans. Using rats for cancer research was one such example where torturing animals were the sake of human good was pointless (Pakistan Politics Journal). Scientists had resorted to rats as test subjects until 1993 when it was reported that the genetic makeup of the rats renders them vulnerable to cancer, and so research on them ca never yield accurate results. Cohen adheres to the view that animals are not like humans and this is why he believes that they can be used for animal testing (94). Right is fundamentally a claim that one individual asserts over the other. A right encompasses the elements such as who holds the right and to whom it is against.

Reflective Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective - Research Paper Example On the other hand, controlling describes a means of ensuring that organizational performance does not diverge from standards. Controlling it establishes standards of performance, compares real performance against organizational standards and takes necessary corrective actions. Planning as a core management function in Starbucks commercial takes both command groups and self-managed teams in the concept of individual versus group decision making. In Starbucks Company, the human resource department has been planned as a self managed team to set its own goals, develop strategies and outline schedules of evaluating and hiring new employees to supervise delivery and storage of coffee by customers. Starbucks executives are organized as self-managed teams to work in their departments and directly report to the managing director in the main office (Galloway, 1998). The implication of using this concept is that it allows use of group decision-making methods like dialectical inquiry, brainstorming and nominal group technique that improve the process of decision-making in Starbucks Company. Coffee customers are involved in brainstorming groups to verbally suggest good ideas of improving the performance of the company. Organizing, a core management function in O*NET website takes a good organizational culture as a concept to give a detailed work descriptions to the world for workforce development by human resource professionals, researchers, job seekers and students. Managers of O*NET website have put shared principles, values, ways and traditions of job analysis and career exploration to influence the way organizational employees act. The strong organizational culture has influenced the structure of O*NET website in which the major values of the organization are widely shared and deeply held. The implications of organizing a strong organizational culture in O*NET website has attracted high-level employee talent. Talented

Research and development Essay Example for Free

Research and development Essay The Human resource management department of the business is responsible for the hiring and firing of the staff that work in Boots PLC outlet stores and any other jobs that are related to the company. Their main aim to make sure that there is the right amount of workers in the specified place at the right time in order to contribute to the maximum output that the staffing effort can help towards. The hiring and firing is very important as it makes sure that the right people are hired for the job that are in appropriate situations to fulfill vacancies. On the other hand however the firing is just as important. If staff are not pulling their weight or are incapable of carrying out the jobs they are meant to they may be fired. Also if there is no need for all staff then they may be laid off. This is a way of maximizing profits as less go on output of wages which is a great percentage of the businesses output. The HRM is also responsible for the training of staff. It is their responsibility to make sure that all staff is fully trained for the job they are employed for. These increases the customer reliability and satisfaction as when staff are asked questions they will hopefully know they answers and also that they are capable of approaching customers comfortably and in a good fashion. This adds to customer satisfaction and this is important to Boots it is also one of their objectives listed previously in the report. HRM are responsible for forecasting labour amounts and the amount of man power that will be needed at different times of the day week and year. If manpower is low in rush hours or periods such as Christmas then the company may not reach its maximum out put through mistake of their own. Staff receives appraisals when they work for Boots. This lets them know if the business is happy with them and if they are considered a valued member of the work force. The appraisals are again responsibility of the HRM department and they help to maximize business by insuring workers are reaching their full potential within in the business. Boots recently proposed to train up 7000 people to become more knowledgeable about technology so that the business will benefit from this. Boots PLC also employ a further 45% of their workforce on top of their usual numbers to help in outlet stores over Christmas period with tills, stock rotation and demonstrations. This shows the business has been planning the workforce amounts according to potential times of increases in demand. This area of the business can be very economical and save the business money when it comes to hiring and firing staff. This is however also very beneficial to the staff also. When jobs in the business become available instead of employing new staff they promote current staff. This saves money as described in management styles later on. The HRM area of the business works towards the organization and in turn globalization objective of the business. The statement of we aim to develop staff and provide them with the right skills and attitude in order to achieve the organizations goals suggests that it be aimed at all the objectives of the business, which will reflect on the globalization and expansion conclusively. The fact that more staff was hired acts on the objective of improving customer satisfaction as more staff means that there are more hands to deal with the tasks needed which leaves more staff to be available to help customers and aid them with their shopping needs. The Marketing section of the business is responsible for satisfying customers needs at the right prices and once again as in Boots objective consumer satisfaction. To do this the marketing section of Boots PLC is responsible for researching what the target markets want and interpreting what their future needs would be and how they will change. They persuade the customer to buy products by advertising. They either increase awareness by advertising to all on TV or radio, or advertise specifics. These include in store adverts for particular products, which they make the customer, think they need. Free demos of some products also help to draw in custom and Boots does this in its make-up and its perfume range where there is always trained staff available to recommend and advice. The marketing aspect of the business has lead to the birth of the Boots Advantage Card. Boots customer services is an outstanding department as they have been able to established customer loyalty by the use of this Advantage card. Referring back to Boots objectives the wish to increase customer loyalty is proven as the Advantage Card is used by more than 70% of all key customers. Boots objectives on marketing were to increase promotion and stature by globalization. This has been attempted by opening several firms in Taiwan. A strategy that separated them from their competitors and attracted thousands of consumers over the Christmas period was the three for two-mix and match strategy which was introduced after a market research poll into marketing strategies return the mix and match as a popular suggestion. This was reflected by the feedback it returned. It is very important to be able to forecast and predict what will happen to the market. In order for a company to success in the long term it must have an idea of where it is going. One of the best ways to do this, which also show the success of the business, is to look at its accounts. This will show if there is a gradual increase or decrease in profit and it will show what products sell, how they sell and in what quantity are they likely to still be required as the majority of tangible inessential goods reach saturation point and are no longer needed. The finance section of the business is the area that looks after the accounts and the money flow forecasting. The Financial area of the business makes sure all the finances of a business are properly recorded. This involves keeping detailed accounts either manually or on a computer of all the money that comes in, and how it comes in to the business and how and where it goes out. The financial information is used by Boots and published in the yearly reports to show how the business is getting on. Boots PLC uses computer technology to record all the information and trained staff regularly analyzes it to spot correlation in output or product relationships. This is done to try and find out where Boots could benefit from altering the market and changing product ranges or increasing product base. This section of the business is also capable of raising finance when the business needs to raise capital for an investment or expansion. There is only a small aspect of the objective system that it appears the financial function touches on. This is the objective to act towards modernization. Boots keeps its financial records in the form of computer files as apposed to storing them manually. This shows that Boots keeps up with the development of technology, which was a specific objective. This shows that an objective has been worked towards and met which has been beneficial as now the financial function is a lot less time consuming in storing data and retrieving it. Although there is always more problems with modern technology it is likely that in the long run it is less time consuming. Production is another one of the functional areas but as there is little that Boots actually produce due to the fact that they are in the tertiary sector this function does not really affect them. The only way it does affect them is that Boots must keep in touch with the production (secondary industry) business to ensure that they can meet the demands that they need in order to increase customer satisfaction. Coinciding with this the staff at Boots must check produce that is received from the production companies to make sure it is correct. This section does not really affect any objectives that the business has directly. However indirectly it does regard the objective of wishing to increase the proportion of their own brand. There is little evidence I can provide of this objective been carried out but they do have their own cosmetic range that goes by the name of No7. This appears to have been doing very well. The main cogs of the business are the Administration section. This keeps the day to day workings of the business going. Again these are skilled staff trained in their field and Boots pride them selves on the level of training and standards that their staff operates to. The administration maintains the business premises and equipment and if anything goes wrong they are responsible for fixing it of finding someone to do so. Anyone who works for Boots doing photocopying, printing (stationary jobs) catering, computer services, data storage, all these types of jobs come under the job description of Administration. As boots is expanding it is relying less on its own workers to carry out some of these tasks and it calls in people from out side the business, this is called outscoring, these people are usually found by the administration team. The administrative function as it is a necessity in the business and keeps it flowing hardly relates as a contribution to any objective at all. The only objective I can see that the administrative function applies to id the modernization of the company. This is due to the fact that in order for the administration staff to act efficiently they need to be modernizing as technology such as computers develops. This will benefit all areas of the business. As the target markets demands are forever changing and new fashions are coming in and the months of the years come in and out the products that Boots supply are always changing. It is hard to keep on top of the supply for goods, as there are so many aspects that alter the product demands it is hard to be aware of where they will go next. The research and development of the business is responsible for trying to find out where to go next. They keep the other parts of the business informed about changes as much as they can. This is a main part of the marketing for the business. The research and development sector look at sales figures, accounts, customer trends and spending and try and deduct where the majority of the money goes and also where it doesnt. They do not look to replace products all the time but also to look for new products that would be beneficial to bring into the product range to increase sales or attract new business. It was the idea of the research and development of Boots to open the optician section of the business, as this was an area that they had not yet spread into and would be beneficial. The people in the research and development part of boots also look at other businesses and see how they operate, what they sell and how much they charge. All this contributes to the smooth running of the business. As Boots main objective is to produce a well-established firm that caters for the consumers needs research and development is a major part of decision making. Diversification is also reliant on this department as in order to diversify research needs to be carried out to find out which areas it would be beneficial to divert into in respects of the customers and the company as a whole. Boots has got a large research and development department. The paragraph below shown what affects the research and development has had on the companys expansion. The first Health and Beauty Experience store opened in Kensington High Street in September this year. It moves Boots into new areas of the expanding health and beauty market. Services include physiotherapy, osteopathy, homeopathy, herbalism, aromatherapy, reflexology and nutrition. These sit alongside beauty services including facials massage, false tan, ear piercing, pedicure, manicure, nail bars, and make-overs, plus lifestyle advice on weight management, smoking, sleep management, relaxation and stress management. All combine to offer a total wellbeing offer. This paragraph gives list of some of the new products and services that have been introduced. These expansions in the business would not have been the result if research and development had not taken place. This shows that research and development has also contributed to the firm expanding, which was another objective of Boots.

Social construction of male and female identities

Social construction of male and female identities To understand gender analysis in a historic context, it will be important to start off by defining what gender is and gender analysis. Gender refers to the social construction of male and female identities. It is more than the biological make up of the two sexes. It deals with how the differences between men and women, whether real or imagined, are valued, used and relied upon to classify men and women and to assign them roles and expectations. The effect of this categorization is that the lives and experiences of men and women occur within complex sets of differing social and cultural expectations. Gender analysis therefore examines the differences in mens and womens lives and applies this understanding to policy development and service delivery (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman 2009). In history, the current understanding of gender as a category of historical analysis can be traced to the late twentieth -century feminist political mobilization that occurred in Europe and the United States which led to the development of the field of womens history both as a product and practice. Many of the early women historians in many cases employed the category women when talking about womens roles, perceptions of women or myths about women as opposed to the analytical language of gender as we know it today (Parker Aggleton 1998). Most of these embraced the concept of gender closely akin to Gayle Rubins classic early formulation that stated that in every society, there is a set of arrangements by which the biological human sex and procreation is shaped by human, social intervention which is actually gender (Shepard Walker 2009). The work of the feminists was primarily to expose those gender systems and redress their injustices to women. In this context therefore the work of the womens historians was to discover and bring into the public domain such patterns in the past, to return women and their activities to the historical record and to bring out ways in which women in the past tried to resist sexual oppression in the societies within which they lived. Despite the fact that distinction between sex and gender remained common in feminist history, its framework had many critics especially among theorists who questioned if physical bodies were not in a way socially constructed and whether they ever existed apart from culturally fashioned meanings about them (Shepard Walker 2009). Early women historians equated gender with sex. This meant that the physical body is what they used to classify gender. This was the bone of contention with other scholars who rightly asserted that it would be simplistic to equate gender with sex. However, since the field of womens history originated in social history, and so because the early womens history did not seriously interrogate bodies as a historic subject, most of the early women historian did not confront the dilemma of the sex/gender distinction which continued to inform the assumptions of their work (Shepard Walker 2009). Theorizing about gender increased from the 1970s through the 1980s among women historians but their emphasis was more on the relation of gender to other categories, more so class and patriarchy but not on so much on the gender itself. According to Shepard Walker (2009) efforts of this sort continued in many ways to conceptual gender, class and other social processes as distinct which made it difficult to capture the complexity and particularity of their unified processes in a specific historical circumstance. In absence pf a standard definition of what constituted gender, historians continued to write about gender from the Western cultural view of what constitutes gender. However by 1980s other issues had come up that challenged this position calling for a more inclusive approach. An analysis of gender and history has also focused on the position of the woman during colonialism in Africa and elsewhere. The woman was seen first as a daughter, then as a woman and finally as a prostitute. Any woman who stayed alone was seen as a prostitute. Women were seen as safe when within the confines of their home in the countryside. Those in towns were stereotyped as being of loose morals and rebels. Although the fuller investigation of these points would follow in the studies of gender and colonialism of the 1990s, scholars of race and slavery in the Americas and Europe were zealous in pointing out that the bodies of colored women had been socially constructed to meet the interests of Europeans since the first colonial contacts. Still in the 1980s the field of womens history was thriving. By this time it supported influential journals in Europe and in the United States. Works in womens history were beginning to appear on the lists of major publishers and also in prominent general historical journals. It was however not all rosy. Critics within the profession questioned the legitimacy of the field of women history and its practitioners. Women history was described as narrow, over-specialized and immaterial to the truly important matter of history (Downs 2004). Womens historians were accused of trying to fashion their own life frustrations into a respected field. A more unifying concept of gender free of activism might as a matter of fact provide legitimacy for the field and its practitioners (Shepard Walker 2009). If gender could be argued out as a key field of experience for both all persons, then gender is a subject of universal relevance. Joan Scottss (1986) article titled Gender: A Useful Concept of Historical Analysis, which appeared on the American Historical Review, December 1986 issue, was written in this political context. This was a no mean achievement for a prestigious conservative journal. Scott noted that the proliferation of case studies in womens history called for some synthesizing perspective and the discrepancy between the high quality of the work then in womens history and the continued marginal status of the field as a whole pointed up the limits of descriptive approaches that do not address dominant disciplinary concepts in terms that can shake their power and transform them. The articles purpose was to examine the implications of feminists growing tendency to use gender as a way of referring to the social organization between the sexes and to offer a useable theoretical f ormulation of gender as a category of historical analysis. Scott found the feminist theorizing of the 1960s and 1970s limited because they tended to contain reductive or simple generalizations that undercut both historys disciplinary sense of the complexity of social causation and feminist commitments to analysis that would lead to change (Scott 1986). According to Scott, historically gender has been used as a primary way of signifying relations of power (Scott1999). The power in question is the power of domination and subordination; differential control over or access to material and symbolic resources. Emphasis is laid on the difference as a characteristic of power derived from the oppositional binarity of gender, but it also defined and limited the concept of gender which having been defined could not operate other than as a vehicle for this power. Women in most societies have been dominated by men. However this proposition is challenged by a number of non western scholars who argue that not all societies organized on the basis of gender as implied in the work of most Western historians. Oyeronke Oyeyumi (2005), an African Historian from Nigeria is one of them. Oyeyumi argues that Western work on gender has been and continues to be preoccupied with the oppositionally sexed body, which in inhabit the category gender and invests it with a rigid corporeal determinism. This she argues is not universal but specific to the western cultures and history. If gender is socially constructed, then it cannot behave in the same way across time and space. Therefore if gender is a social construction there must be a specific time in each culture when it began and therefore the time before this beginning it never did exist. Thus gender as a social construction is also a historical and cultural phenomenon which may presumably have not existed in some societies. In a similar view, Ifi Amadiume (1987) criticized the use of Western gender concept as a category for analyzing Africa history of gender. She argues that the ethnocentricity of gender of early feminist anthropology does not have a bearing on African societies. To these groups she argues the social and cultural inferiority of women was not questionable. In her work among the Igbo culture in eastern Nigeria, Amadiume did identify a gender system through which numerous mythical, social and culture distinctions were articulated according to a binary of masculine and feminine. But she also did establish that in this binary the attributes associated with females did not necessarily lead to economic or political subordination of the social group women and that the social institutions, especially those of male daughters and female husbands permitted individual females to enjoy those privileges of social positions gendered masculine. In the United States, intervening decades have given birth to a rich and expanding scholarship on the history of colored women. The colored slave woman owed his master and the men his master had selected for her sexual favors and reproductive services on top of the labor (Gerald, N.G., Billias, G.A 1991). The work written on the colored woman history is however minimal compared to what have been written on white women. Furthermore much of the work done on colored women still subordinates them within the history of white women. What that means is that American historians, until very recently, have showed little interest in identifying differences between West African and colonial Euro-American ideas of the social and cultural relations of the male and the female or giving interpretive authority to evidence of differences between African American and Euro-American communities over time in the United States. Of greater importance is the construction of colored women as negative markers of a Western concept of gender and the pressure borne on colored women to conform to those to that concept. To greater extent this centers the story on Western concept, not on African American women or on the understandings of gender that may have characterized their communities (Collins 1989). To illustrate further the problems in the use of gender as a category in historic analysis, North America can be studied. The early republic provides vital information because that is where U.S womens history began classics like Carroll Smith Rosenbergs Beauty, the Beast and the Militant Woman, Kathryn Kish Sklars Catharine Beecher and Nancy Cotts The Bonds of Womanhood (Cott 1997).These works sought to understand the origins of the late twentieth century trope of gender in the nineteenth-century. This was not unusual because like other historians, these women historians studied subjects in the past that were of continued relevance to their day. They focused on the social and intellectual life in the early American Republic that resonated in the female struggle. This majored on familial, political, legal, and economic subordination of women as a group by men as a group. The works continued to organize the field as it developed with works such as Women of the Republic by Linda Kerber, Daughters of Liberty by Mary Beth Norton and Good wives by Laurel Ulrich. The wives in the seventeenth and eighteenth century played a greater role in the management of the family resources. It was taken as the duty of a wife to defend and take care of the husbands investments. Wives were supposed to be aggressive in this. However during the nineteenth century, the womans role in the management of the husbands wealth diminished significantly (Cott 1997). Another milestone in the study of gender analysis is the entry of women into public jobs in the 20th century (Scharpf Schmidt 2000). This brought profound change to the woman. She got financial independence and her dependence on the man diminished. This entry into the job market went hand in hand with increased education attainment, increased civil rights like the right to vote and increased participation in the political process. These were great milestones for women that changed completely the relationship with the man. With it too came increased divorce rates, and choosing not to get married. When gender is treated as a question of analysis, it encourages the researcher to regard the sources of information more critically and more creatively. To some extent it is true that historians have been able to establish gender as a category of historic analysis. This is because the circumstances human beings operate in have expectations of behavior and conduct based on ones sexuality. These are either classified as masculinity or feminine. A man is expected to act and behave in a masculine way while the woman is supposed to portray a feminine behavior. These expectations have over the course of history shaped the relationship between the males and the females. Not only that but also within a sex, treatment is different. In America for example, An African American woman, a white woman and a native Indian woman were all treated differently.